Understanding Water Demand in Different Sectors in simple and Easy language :
Dear learner in this article we will learn about various water demand which is used for designing the water supply system, in easy and simple language.
Water Demand
Estimation of water demand is the key parameter in planning a water supply system. The agriculture sector consumes more than 80% of the total water potential created in our country. The remaining portion is utilized to meet domestic, industrial and other demands. The improvement of lifestyle and associated industrial development of a nation push up the per capita demand of water.
Types of Water Demand
The prediction of precise quantity of water demanded by the public is very difficult because there are so many variable factor affecting of water consumption.
There are some certain thumb rule and empirical formulas which are used to estimate the quantity water which make gives theory accurate results of water demand. There are some different types of water demand which given below :
Domestic water demand:
Domestic water demand includes the water required for drinking, cooking, bathing, gardening purpose, which may vary according to the living standard of the consumers
- The total domestic water consumption is near about 50 to 60% of total water consumption.
- As per IS code the domestic water consumption between 135 to 225 lpcd. Which depends on living standard of peoples.
- As per IS code the minimum domestic water demand under ordinary condition for a town or city which have full flushing system should be taken as 200 lpcd through it can be minimize up to 135 lpcd for economically weaker section and LIG colonies depending upon prevailing condition.
Industrial Water Demand:
The industrial water demand express the water required for industry which are either existing or a likely to be start in future in the city for which water supply is being planned. This water requirement will thus vary with the types and numbers of industry present in the City. In industrial cities the per capita requirement may finally computed to be as high as 450 lpcd as compared to the normal condition industrial retirement of around 50 lpcd.
Industrial water Consumption for some factory is given Below:
- Automobile industry – 40 kilo liters per vehicle.
- Fertilizer industry – 80to 200 kilo liters per tone.
- Paper and Pulp Industry – 200 to 400 kilo liters per tone .
- Petroleum and Refinery – 1 to 2 kilo liters per tone.
- Textile Industry – 80to 140 kilo liters per tone.
Institutional and commercial water demand:
On an average, a per capita demand of 20 lpcd is usually considered to be enough to meet of such commercial and institutional water requirement. Institutional and commercial water demand may be as high as 50 lpcd for highly commercial cities. Some of them are listed below:
- School/college – 45 to 135 lpcd
- Restaurants – 70 lpcd
- Hotels – 180 lpcd
- Hospital – 340 lpcd (when bed less than 100 ) and 450 lpcd ( when bed more than 100)
- Railway – 70 lpcd
- Airport – 70 lpcd
- Offices – 45 lpcd
- Cinema and theater – 15 lpcd
Demand for public uses:
This includes water requirement for Park gardening washing of roads etc. A nominal amount not exceeding 5% of total consumption may be provided to achieves this demand. Around 10 lpcd is usually added on this account while computing the total water consumption for the cities or towns.
Water demands for fire:
Quantity of water required for extinguishing fire is not very large. For total amount of water consumption of for a city of 50 lakhs population, it hardly comes out around 1 lpcd water required for fire demand but this water should be easily available and kept always store in storage reservoir as quantity of water required in very less duration.
There are many empirical formula for estimating the water required for the Fire demand Such as Kuchling’s formula, Freeman’s formula, Buston’s formula ete…
Water required to compensate losses in thefts and wastage:
This includes the water lost in leakage due to bad plumbing or damage meters, stolen water due to unauthorized water connection and other losses and wastage. These losses should be taken into account while estimating the total requirement of water even the best managed water work. The amount may be high as 15% of total consumption which is nearly about 55 lpcd.
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